Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2002

Lilo T. Strauss, MA, Joy Herndon, MS, Jeani Chang, MPH, Wilda Y. Parker
Sonya V. Bowens, MS, Cynthia J. Berg, MD
Division of Reproductive Health
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

The material in this report originated in the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Janet Collins, PhD, Director; and the Division of Reproductive Health, John Lehnherr, Acting Director.

Corresponding address: CDC/National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion/Division of Reproductive Health, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, MS K-21, Atlanta, GA 30333; E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov.

Abstract

Problem/Condition: CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions.

Reporting Period Covered: This report summarizes and describes data voluntarily reported to CDC regarding legal induced abortions obtained in the United States in 2002.

Description of System: For each year since 1969, CDC has compiled abortion data by state or area of occurrence. During 1973--1997, data were received from or estimated for 52 reporting areas in the United States: 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City. In 1998 and 1999, CDC compiled abortion data from 48 reporting areas. Alaska, California, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma did not report, and data for these states were not estimated. For 2000--2002, Oklahoma again reported these data, increasing the number of reporting areas to 49.

Results: A total of 854,122 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC for 2002 from 49 reporting areas, representing a 0.1% increase from the 853,485 legal induced abortions reported by the same 49 reporting areas for 2001. The abortion ratio, defined as the number of abortions per 1,000 live births, was 246 in 2002, the same as reported for 2001. The abortion rate was 16 per 1,000 women aged 15--44 years for 2002, the same as for 2001. For the same 48 reporting areas, the abortion rate remained relatively constant during 1997--2002.

The highest percentages of reported abortions were for women who were unmarried (82%), white (55%), and aged <25 years (51%). Of all abortions for which gestational age was reported, 60% were performed at <8 weeks' gestation and 88% at <13 weeks. From 1992 (when detailed data regarding early abortions were first collected) through 2002, steady increases have occurred in the percentage of abortions performed at <6 weeks' gestation. A limited number of abortions was obtained at >15 weeks' gestation, including 4.1% at 16--20 weeks and 1.4% at >21 weeks. A total of 35 reporting areas submitted data stating that they performed and enumerated medical (nonsurgical) procedures, accounting for 5.2% of all known reported procedures from the 45 areas with adequate reporting on type of procedure.

Interpretation: During 1990--1997, the number of legal induced abortions gradually declined. When the same 48 reporting areas were compared, the number of abortions decreased during 1996--2001, then slightly increased in 2002. In 2000 and 2001, even with one additional reporting state, the number of abortions declined slightly, with a minimal increase in 2002.

Public Health Action: Abortion surveillance in the United States continues to provide the data necessary for examining trends in numbers and characteristics of women who obtain legal induced abortions and to increase understanding of this pregnancy outcome. Policymakers and program planners use these data to improve the health and well-being of women and infants.

Introduction

CDC began conducting abortion surveillance in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions and to monitor this outcome of unintended pregnancies. This report is based on abortion data for 2002 provided voluntarily to CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), Division of Reproductive Health.

Methods

For 2002, CDC compiled data that were voluntarily provided from 49 reporting areas in the United States: 47 states (excluding Alaska, California, and New Hampshire), the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC). Legal induced abortion was defined as a procedure, performed by a licensed physician or someone acting under the supervision of a licensed physician, that was intended to terminate a suspected or known intrauterine pregnancy and to produce a nonviable fetus at any gestational age (1,2). The total number of legal induced abortions was available from all reporting areas; however, not all of these areas collected data on some or all characteristics of women who obtained abortions, and the availability of such data varied by reporting area.

Data on the age of women who obtained abortions were collected and reported adequately (i.e., categorized in accordance with surveillance variables and with <15% unknown values) in 48 reporting areas (46 states, DC, and NYC), representing 89% of all reported procedures, whereas data on ethnicity were collected and reported adequately in only 29 reporting areas, representing 58% of all reported procedures. The findings in this report reflect characteristics of women only from reporting areas that submitted adequate data for the characteristics being examined. For the majority of state tables, the percentage data include a category for unknown values, and the percentage known to be in each category is actually a slight understatement of the true percentage in that category. However, for trend data, out-of-area residents, adolescent ages, and two-characteristics tables, percentages presented are based on known values only.

For the 49 reporting areas, data concerning the number of women obtaining legal induced abortions were provided by the central health agency.* These agencies provided data on numbers of abortions and characteristics of women obtaining abortions by the reporting area in which the abortion was performed (i.e., state of occurrence). For the majority of reporting areas, abortion totals were also available by the woman's state or area of residence. However, three states (Delaware, Maryland, and Wisconsin) reported characteristics only for residents who obtained abortions in the state but not for women from out-of-state; and one state (Iowa) provided numbers and characteristics only for state residents. Two states (Florida and Louisiana) did not report abortion totals by resident status, and two states (Arizona and Massachusetts) provided only the total number of abortions for out-of-state residents without specifying individual states or areas of residence.

This report provides overall and state-specific abortion statistics. For all characteristics for which birth or population data were available, abortion ratios (number of abortions per 1,000 live births) or abortion rates (number of abortions per 1,000 women in a given age group) are provided. Beginning with 1996 data, abortion ratios were calculated by using the number of live births to residents of each area from birth data reported to CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); these numbers were previously received from state health departments. The population data used for calculating most recent abortion rates were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau postcensual data (3).

Women aged 20--44 years who obtained legal induced abortions were categorized by 5-year age groups, and adolescents aged 15--19 years were categorized by single years of age. Abortion numbers, ratios, and rates are presented by age group. Because 94% of abortions among adolescents aged <15 years occurred among those aged 13--14 years in 1988 (the latest year for which this information is known) (4), the population of adolescents aged 13--14 years was used as the denominator for calculating abortion rates for adolescents aged <15 years. Rates for women aged >40 years were based on the number of women aged 40--44 years. However, rates for all females who obtained abortions were based on the population of females aged 15--44 years.

Race was categorized by three groups: white, black, and all other races. Other races included Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaska Native, and women classified as "other" race. Ethnicity was categorized as either Hispanic or non-Hispanic. As in previous reports, race and ethnicity were provided as separate variables, and abortions were not cross-classified by race and ethnicity. Abortion numbers, ratios, and rates are presented by both race and ethnicity.

Marital status was reported as either married (including women who were married or separated) or unmarried (including those who were never married, widowed, or divorced). Abortion numbers and ratios are presented by marital status.

Gestational age (in weeks) at the time of abortion was categorized as <6, 7, 8 and <8, 9--10, 11--12, 13--15, 16--20, and >21. Weeks of gestation were estimated in 11 reporting areas as the time elapsed since the woman's most recent menstrual period. For 27 other states, gestational age was reported on the basis of the physician's estimate (data from the clinical examination, including ultrasound results). For the remaining six states, gestational age was derived from a combination of the physician's estimates and the time elapsed since the woman's most recent menstrual period. Of the 44 areas that reported adequate data on weeks of gestation at the time of abortion, 42 also reported abortions performed at <8 weeks' gestation separately for those performed at <6, 7, and 8 weeks' gestation. Abortion numbers are presented by gestational age.

The type of abortion procedure was categorized as curettage (including suction and/or sharp curettage at any gestational age); intrauterine instillation; medical (nonsurgical) abortion (methotrexate and misoprostol or mifepristone and misoprostol were reported for abortions performed at <8 weeks' gestation; vaginal prostaglandins were primarily reported for abortions performed at later weeks of gestation); and procedures described as other (including hysterectomy and hysterotomy).

Results

Overall, the annual number of legal induced abortions in the United States increased gradually from 1973 until it peaked in 1990, and it generally declined thereafter (Figure 1). In 2002, a total of 854,122 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC by 49 reporting areas. This change represents a 0.1% increase from 2001, for which the same 49 areas reported 853,485 legal induced abortions (Tables 1 and 2).

The national legal induced abortion ratio increased from 196 per 1,000 live births in 1973 (the first year that 52 areas reported) to 358 per 1,000 in 1979 and remained nearly stable through 1981 (Figure 1; Table 2). The ratio peaked at 364 per 1,000 in 1984 and since then has demonstrated a generally steady decline. In 2002, the abortion ratio was 246 per 1,000 in 49 reporting areas (the same as in 2001) and 248 for the same 48 reporting areas for which data were available since 1998 (Table 2).

The national legal induced abortion rate increased from 14 per 1,000 women aged 15--44 years in 1973 to 25 per 1,000 in 1980. The rate remained stable, at 23--24 per 1,000 during the 1980s and early 1990s and at 20--21 per 1,000 during 1994--1997. The abortion rate remained unchanged at 17 per 1,000 during 1997--1999 in the same 48 reporting areas. In 2002, the abortion rate remained unchanged since 2000 at 16 per 1,000, both overall and in the same 48 reporting areas as 1999.

The numbers, ratios, and rates of reported legal induced abortions are presented by area of residence and by area of occurrence (Table 3). In 2002, the highest number of reported legal induced abortions occurred in NYC (91,800), Florida (87,964), and Texas (79,929); the fewest^† occurred in South Dakota (826), Idaho (829), and North Dakota (1,219) (Table 3). The abortion ratios by state or area of occurrence ranged from 40 per 1,000 live births in Idaho to 776 per 1,000 in NYC. Among women aged 15--44 years, the rates by occurrence ranged from 3 per 1,000 women in Idaho to 39 per 1,000 in DC. These ratios and rates should be viewed with consideration of the sizable variation by state in the percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents. In 2002, approximately 9% of reported abortions were obtained by out-of-state residents (range: from 0.3% [in Hawaii] to 56% [in DC]) (Table 3). Data by state of residence are incomplete because three states (Alaska, California, and New Hampshire) did not report any data on abortion, and five states (Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, and Massachusetts) did not provide data concerning the residence status of all women obtaining abortions in their state. Thus, ratios and rates by state of residence should be viewed with caution because of the substantial variation in completeness of reporting of residence information.

Women known to be aged 20--24 years obtained 33% of all abortions for which age was adequately reported. Adolescents known to be aged <15 years obtained <1.0% of all abortions in the 48 areas that reported age. Among the 48 reporting areas, age was not reported for 0.9% of patients; however, this percentage ranged from 0.0% (in 19 areas) to 5.6% (Arizona) (Table 4). Abortion ratios were highest for adolescents aged <15 years (753 per 1,000 live births) and lowest for women aged 30--34 years (148 per 1,000) (Figure 2) (Table 4). In contrast to abortion ratios, among females for whom age was reported, abortion rates were highest for women aged 20--24 years (31 per 1,000 women) and lowest for females at the extremes of reproductive age (1 per 1,000 adolescents aged 13--14 years and 3 per 1,000 women aged 40--44 years) (Table 4). Among women aged <20 years (46 reporting areas), the percentage of abortions obtained increased with age (Table 5); the abortion ratio was highest for adolescents aged <15 years^§ (746 per 1,000 live births) and lowest for women aged 19 years (322 per 1,000). Conversely, the rates of abortions were lowest (1 per 1,000) for adolescents aged <15 years and highest (28 per 1,000) for women aged 19 years) (Table 5).

Abortion trends by age indicate that since 1973, abortion ratios have been higher for adolescents aged <15 years than for any other age group (Figure 3). For females aged <19 years and those aged >40 years, the abortion ratio generally increased from 1974 through the early 1980s and declined thereafter (Figure 3). The abortion ratio for women aged 20--34 years (those with the highest fertility rates) (5) has declined slightly since the mid-1980s. The abortion ratio for women aged 35--39 years has declined gradually over time.

In 2002, for women from areas where weeks of gestation at the time of abortion were adequately reported (44 reporting areas), 59% of reported legal induced abortions were known to have been obtained at <8 weeks' gestation and 87% at <13 weeks (Table 6). Overall (42 reporting areas), 27% of abortions were known to have been performed at <6 weeks' gestation, 17% at 7 weeks, and 15% at 8 weeks (Table 7). Few reported abortions occurred after 15 weeks' gestation: 4.0% at 16--20 weeks and 1.4% at >21 weeks.

For women whose type of procedure was adequately reported, 91% of abortions were known to have been performed by curettage (which includes dilatation and evacuation [D&E]) and 0.8% by intrauterine instillation (Table 8). Hysterectomy and hysterotomy were included in the "other" procedure category and were known to have been used in <0.01% of all abortions. Thirty-four reporting areas submitted information regarding performance of medical (nonsurgical) procedures,^¶ hereafter referred to as medical abortions. Known medical abortions account for approximately 5% of all procedures reported from the 45 areas with adequate reporting on type of procedure. In addition, three areas that did not collect data separately for medical abortions on their abortion reporting form included medical abortions in the "other" category. For the 34 areas that reported medical abortions separately, 36,297 medical abortion procedures were performed in 2002. (Five states reported that no medical abortions were performed in 2002 but did not specify whether such abortions were available.) For the 31 states that reported one or more medical abortion for both 2002 and 2001, the data reflect an increase of 77%, from 20,057 in 2001 to 35,440 in 2002 (6). The extent to which the 36,297 medical abortions reported to CDC for 2002 represent the use of this procedure in all reporting areas is unknown.

In the 37 reporting areas for which race was provided classified according to the same categories used in previous years, approximately 54% of women who obtained legal induced abortions were known to be white, 36% black, and 8% other; for 3%, race was not known (Table 9). The abortion ratio for black women (495 per 1,000 live births) was 3.0 times the ratio for white women (164 per 1,000), and the ratio for women of the nonhomogeneous "other" race category (357 per 1,000) was 2.2 times the ratio for white women. The abortion rate for black women (29 per 1,000 women) was 3.0 times the rate for white women (10 per 1,000), whereas the abortion rate for women of other races (20 per 1,000 women) was 2.1 times the rate for white women.

Reporting areas provide data voluntarily and thus are not required to use the 31 race/ethnicity categories mandated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for federally funded data collection. Although attempts were made for the 2001 abortion report, Abortion Surveillance---United States, 2001 (6), to collect data cross-classified by race and ethnicity in these categories, only 39% of all reported abortions could be included, and the mandated "two or more race categories" included only five nonzero values. Moreover, an examination of the states' Induced Termination of Pregnancy (ITOP) forms revealed that only two states offered an option of reporting two or more races, and only one state actually had a nonzero value. Thus, although providing data cross-classified by race and ethnicity would be helpful, the decision was made that attempts to collect these data in the future would not continue unless a substantial number of states change their race/ethnicity questions in this direction.

Twenty-nine reporting areas had separate and adequate data^** on the ethnicity of women who obtained legal induced abortions (Table 10). The percentage of abortions known to have been obtained by Hispanic women in these reporting areas was 18% overall (range: from <0.6% [in Kentucky and West Virginia] to 49% [in New Mexico]). For Hispanic women in these reporting areas, the abortion ratio was 233 per 1,000 live births, and the abortion rate was 17 per 1,000 women. However, only 43% of Hispanic women in the United States lived in these reporting areas.

For women whose marital status was adequately reported (39 reporting areas), 80% of women who obtained abortions were known to be unmarried (Table 11). The abortion ratio for unmarried women (570 per 1,000 live births) was 8.8 times that for married women (65 per 1,000).

For women who obtained legal induced abortions and for whom data on previous live births were adequately reported (41 reporting areas), 39% were known to have had no previous live births, and 32% had two or more previous live births (Table 12). The abortion ratio was highest for women who had three previous live births (291 per 1,000 live births) and lowest for those who had one previous live birth (194 per 1,000).

For women who obtained an abortion and whose number of previous abortions was adequately reported (40 reporting areas), 54% were reported to have obtained an abortion for the first time, and 19% were reported to have had at least two previous abortions (Table 13).

For women whose age and race were known (35 reporting areas), the differences in age distributions of white and black women were relatively small. White women had a slightly higher percentage of abortions in the youngest (<19 years) and oldest (>35 years) age groups compared with black women (18% versus 17% and 12% versus 9%, respectively), whereas women of other races who had abortions tended to be older (Table 14). For women whose marital status and race were both known (32 reporting areas), the percentage of reported abortions among black women who were unmarried was higher (89%) than that among white women (80%) or among women of other races (64%). Among older (aged >35 years) women obtaining abortions whose age and ethnicity were known and reported adequately (28 reporting areas), the percentage of abortions obtained by non-Hispanic women (12%) exceeded that for Hispanic women (10%) (Table 15). Among women whose marital status and ethnicity were known and reported adequately (27 reporting areas), the percentage of reported abortions obtained by unmarried women was somewhat higher for non-Hispanic women (83%) than for Hispanic women (80%) (Table 15). Adequate data were not available to cross-classify race by Hispanic ethnicity.

As in the past, approximately 88% of all abortions for which gestational age at the time of abortion was known and reported adequately (44 reporting areas) were obtained at <12 weeks' gestation (Table 1). The percentage of women who obtained an abortion at <8 weeks' gestation increased with age (Figure 4; Table 16). This association was most pronounced for abortions obtained at <6 weeks' gestation (41 reporting areas) (Table 17). The percentage of women who obtained an abortion decreased with age for women who obtained an abortion at 9--10, 11--12, and 13--15 weeks' gestation, through age 30--34 years at 16--20 weeks', and through age 25--29 years at >21 weeks' gestation (Table 16). Among women with adequately reported race and weeks of gestation (33 reporting areas), white women and women of other races were more likely than black women to obtain abortions at <6--7 weeks' gestation (Table 17). Among women with adequately reported known ethnicity and weeks of gestation (27 reporting areas), the difference in timing of their abortions between Hispanic and non-Hispanic women was minimal (<2.4%) at any gestational age (Tables 16 and 17).

For women whose type of procedure and weeks of gestation were known and adequately reported (40 reporting areas), approximately 93% of reported abortions obtained at <15 weeks' gestation were performed by using curettage (primarily suction procedures) (Table 18). Approximately 94% of the 32,216 reported medical abortions were performed at <8 weeks' gestation, representing 8.1% of all abortions performed at <8 weeks' gestation. At >16 weeks' gestation, medical abortions (n = 650) accounted for 1.9% of all abortions. Medical abortions constituted 0.5% of procedures performed in the 9--15 weeks' gestation range. Intrauterine instillation involving use of saline or prostaglandin was used rarely (0.3% of all abortions), primarily at <8 weeks' or at >16 weeks' gestation.

Discussion

A total of 854,122 legal induced abortions were reported in the United States for 2002 from 47 states, DC, and NYC, which reflects an increase of 0.1% from the number of legal induced abortions reported for 2001 from the same reporting areas. After five previous annual decreases, a slight increase of 0.1% in the number of abortions is also apparent when the same 48 reporting areas that reported for all years, 1998--2002, are compared with those that reported for 2001--2002 (Table 2). Before 1998, a substantial number of legal induced abortions were estimated to have been performed in California (e.g., >23% of the U.S. total in 1997) (7). Beginning in 1998, data were no longer estimated for nonreporting states. The lack of data for California for 2002 explains the majority of the 28% decrease from the annual number of abortions reported for 1997 (7) and part of the decrease in the total ratio and rate.

Overall, abortion ratios and abortion rates have declined over time (Figure 1). The abortion ratio for 2002 (246 per 1,000 live births for the same 49 reporting areas as 2001) remained the same as the previous year. For the same 49 reporting areas as 2001, the abortion rate for women aged 15--44 years (16 per 1,000 women) remained identical to the rate reported for 2001 (Table 2). The overall declines in the abortion ratio and rate over time might reflect multiple factors, including a decrease in the number of unintended pregnancies (8); a shift in the age distribution of women toward the older and less fertile ages (5); reduced or limited access to abortion services, including the passage of abortion laws that affect adolescents (e.g., parental consent or notification laws and mandatory waiting periods) (9--13); and changes in contraceptive practices, including increased use of contraceptives (e.g., condoms and, among young women, of long-acting hormonal contraceptive methods that were introduced in the early 1990s) (14--17).

In this report, the abortion rate for the United States was higher than recent rates reported for Canada and Western European countries and lower than rates reported for China, Cuba, the majority of Eastern European countries, and certain Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (18--20).

As in previous years, the abortion ratio in 2002 varied substantially by age. Although the abortion ratio was highest for adolescents in 2002, since the mid-1980s, the ratio has gradually declined for those aged <15 and 15--19 years, with minimal increases (<1%) in 2002 (Figure 3). Other studies also have indicated a decrease in birth rates for females aged 10--14 and 15--19 years during 1991--2003 and a decrease in adolescent pregnancy rates during 1990--2000 (5,21--28). However, abortion rates have not decreased equally among women of all races and ethnicities; rates are declining more slowly among adolescents who are not enrolled in school and those who are members of minority populations (28,29).

The percentage distribution of abortions by known weeks of gestation has shifted slightly since the late 1970s. From 1992 (when detailed data on early abortions were first available) through 2002, data have indicated steady increases in procedures performed at <6 weeks' gestation with decreases occurring in the percentage of abortions performed at 8, 9--10, and 11--12 weeks' gestation. The increase in the percentage of abortions known to have been performed at <6 weeks' gestation might be related to an increase in the availability of early abortion services since 1992 and an increase in medical and surgical procedures that can be performed early in gestation (30,31). Abortions performed early in pregnancy are associated with lower risks of national mortality and morbidity (32,33). The proportions of abortions performed later in pregnancy (>13 weeks' gestation) have varied minimally since 1992. The gestational age at which an abortion is obtained can be influenced by multiple factors in addition to those for which surveillance data are available (age, race, and ethnicity). These additional factors include level of education, availability and accessibility of abortion services, timing of confirmation of pregnancy, timing of personal decision-making, timing of prenatal diagnosis, level of fear of discovery of pregnancy, and denial of pregnancy (34--36).

Since the mid-1990s, two medical regimens (mifepristone and methotrexate, each used in conjunction with misoprostol) have been tested in clinical trials and used by clinical practitioners to perform early medical abortions (31,37). CDC surveillance data indicate that approximately 60% of all U.S. abortions are performed at <8 weeks' gestation, which is similar to the timing of the regimen approved for both mifepristone and methotrexate (33,38). Mifepristone for medical abortion was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use and distribution in the United States in September 2000. The FDA-approved protocol can be initiated at <49 days of gestation and requires three office visits by the patient: administration of oral mifepristone, followed 48 hours later by oral misoprostol in the health-care provider's office, and a follow-up visit in approximately 14 days. Clinical studies of alternative medical abortion regimens have been performed in multiple countries and are ongoing (39--48).

In 1997, the U.S. Induced Termination of Pregnancy (ITOP) standard report published by NCHS and used by providers for abortion reporting to state health departments was revised to include a category for "medical (nonsurgical)" procedures (49). Medical abortion procedures have been included in this report since then as a separate category. CDC will continue to monitor early medical procedures and to report on the number of these procedures (Table 8).

The percentage of abortions known to be performed by curettage increased from 88% in 1973 to >96% from 1980--2001, with a slight decrease (to 92%) in 2002 (Table 1), whereas the percentage of abortions performed by intrauterine instillation declined sharply, from 10% to <1% since 1989. The increase in use of curettage at >13 weeks is likely attributable to the lower risk for complications associated with the procedure (50,51). The percentage of abortions performed by curettage at >13 weeks' gestation (D&E) increased from 32% in 1974 (the first year for which these data were available) to 96% in 2002, and the percentage of abortions performed by intrauterine instillation at >13 weeks' gestation decreased from 58% to 0.9%; the percentage of medical abortions increased from 1.0% in 2000 to 5.2% in 2002 (Table 18) (52,53).

The differential between the abortion ratio for black women and that for white women increased from 2.0 in 1989 (the first year for which black and other races were reported separately) to 3.0 in 2002 (54). In addition, the abortion rate for black women has been approximately three times as high as that for white women (range: 2.6--3.1) since 1991 (the first year for which rates by race were published) (55). These rates by race are substantially lower than rates previously published by NCHS and indicate that the reporting areas for the 2002 report might not be truly representative of the U.S. black female population of reproductive age (27). Census Bureau estimates and birth certificate data indicate that a substantial majority of Hispanic women report themselves as white (5). Therefore, data for certain white women represent white women of Hispanic ethnicity.

In 2002, a total of 39 states, DC, and NYC reported Hispanic ethnicity of women who obtained abortions. Because of concerns regarding the completeness of such data (>15% unknown data) in certain states, in 2002, data from only 27 states, DC, and NYC were used to determine the number and percentage of abortions obtained by women of Hispanic ethnicity. These geographic areas represent approximately 43% of reproductive-age Hispanic women in the United States for 2002 and approximately 44% of U.S. Hispanic births (56). Thus, the number of Hispanic women who obtained abortions was underestimated, and the number, ratio, and rate of abortions for Hispanic women in this report are not generalizable to the overall Hispanic population in the United States.

Abortion ratios for both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women have declined considerably since 1992 (26% and 27%, respectively). As in the past, the abortion rate for Hispanic women was higher (17 per 1,000 women) than the rate for non-Hispanic women (13 per 1,000). This finding is consistent with those of other studies published previously by NCHS (25,27). Race- and ethnicity-specific differences in legal induced abortion ratios and rates might reflect differences among populations in socioeconomic status, access to family planning and contraceptive services, contraceptive use, and incidence of unintended pregnancies.

NCHS vital statistics reports indicate that fertility and live birth rates were substantially higher for Hispanic women as a whole than for non-Hispanic women for all age groups in 2002 (5). However, because fertility and live birth rates differ substantially among both the different Hispanic (i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanic) and non-Hispanic (white, black, and other) subpopulations, comparisons between Hispanic and non-Hispanic populations are of limited value (5). Available abortion surveillance data do not permit cross-classification of race by Hispanic ethnicity.

Despite efforts to collect and provide a cross-classification of race and ethnicity for the 2001 report in compliance with OMB Directive 15, which specifies federal standards for the collection of data on race and ethnicity (57), only 28 states (accounting for 39% of the total number of reported abortions) were able to provide adequate data for use of the recommended race categories. Eleven states could not adequately break down the data by ethnicity. Moreover, three recommended racial categories (Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaskan Native) had to be combined into one category of "other" to accommodate overlapping categories provided by multiple states. For these reasons, no additional information regarding race or ethnicity was obtained as a result of unavailable data. Therefore, further efforts to collect cross-classified race and ethnicity will not be attempted unless additional states start collecting such data.

For 1972--2000, a total of 470 abortion-related deaths (6) were reported in the 2001 abortion MMWR Surveillance Summary (Table 19) (6). Deaths that fit the case definition of abortion-related mortality will be reported in subsequent abortion surveillance reports.

Limitations

These data are reported voluntarily and are subject to at least five limitations. First, abortion data are compiled and reported to CDC by the central health department in the reporting area in which the abortion was performed rather than the area in which the woman resided. This choice of area inflates the numbers, ratios, and rates of abortions for areas in which a high proportion of legal abortions are obtained by out-of-state residents and undercounts procedures for states with limited abortion services or more stringent legal requirements for obtaining an abortion (causing women to seek abortions elsewhere). Second, four states (Alaska, California, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma) did not report abortion data for 1998--1999, and three states (Alaska, California, and New Hampshire) did not report data for 2000--2002. Data for California and Oklahoma were estimated before 1998; however, data for nonreporting states have not been estimated since 1997. Third, data provided to state or area health departments by providers might be incomplete (58). Fourth, the overall number, ratio, and rate of abortions are conservative estimates; the total numbers of legal induced abortions provided by central health agencies and reported to CDC for 2002 were probably lower than the numbers actually performed. In addition, the abortion total for 2000 provided to CDC by central health agencies are 20% lower than that reported for 2000 (the most recent year for which data are available) for the same reporting areas by The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a private organization that contacts abortion providers directly (59). A previously published report documented a discrepancy of approximately 12% (60); the reasons for this larger discrepancy are unclear. Finally, because not all states collected or reported data on all characteristics (e.g., age, race, and the number of weeks' gestation) of women obtaining a legal induced abortion in 2002, the numbers, rates, and ratios derived in this analysis might not be representative of all women who obtained abortions.

Public Health Actions

Despite these limitations, findings from ongoing national surveillance of legal induced abortion are useful for at least six purposes. First, public health agencies use data from abortion surveillance to identify characteristics of women who are at high risk for unintended pregnancy. Second, ongoing annual surveillance is used to monitor trends in the number, ratio, and rate of abortions in the United States. Third, statistics regarding the number of pregnancies ending in abortion are used in conjunction with birth data and fetal death computations to estimate pregnancy rates (e.g., pregnancy rates among adolescents) (21--25,27). Fourth, abortion and pregnancy rates can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of family planning programs and programs for preventing unintended pregnancy. Fifth, ongoing surveillance provides data for assessing changes in clinical practice patterns related to abortion (e.g., longitudinal changes in the types of procedures and trends in weeks of gestation at the time of abortion). Finally, numbers of abortions are used as the denominator in calculating abortion mortality rates (32).

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by Congress in 1996 to facilitate the electronic transfer of health data relating primarily to insurance coverage and transferability (61). HIPAA provisions mandate adoption of federal privacy protections for certain individually identifiable health information. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issued the Privacy Rule that became effective on April 14, 2003. Because the Privacy Rule exempts protected health information required for public health purposes from privacy protections, covered entities may provide such information without a person's authorization to a public health authority (e.g., CDC) whose stated purpose is to prevent and control disease. Collection of surveillance data for this report is exempt from the Privacy Rule. However, the complexity of the rule might result in difficulty in its interpretation and therefore in collecting surveillance data on the part of certain contributing agencies (61).

More than one in five U.S. pregnancies ended in abortion, according to a national sample survey conducted by AGI during 2001--2002 among women having abortions (59). Inconsistent method use of the pill (75.9%) or condoms (49.3%) was the most common reason that women became pregnant and obtained abortions (17). Unintended pregnancy is a pervasive public health problem for all population subgroups and women of reproductive age (29,55,62).

Although induced abortions usually result from unintended pregnancies, which often occur despite the use of contraception, the approximately 4.6 million women who have had intercourse in the previous 3 months but were not using contraception might be the most at risk for unintended pregnancy (63). Thus, a reduction in the number of abortions will require adapting complex strategies. Insurance coverage of reversible contraception has increased substantially since 1993 (64), although gaps in coverage remain substantial. Education regarding abstinence and contraceptive use, including emergency contraception, combined with access to and education regarding safe, effective contraception, and family planning services, might help reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancy and, therefore, the number of legal induced abortions in the United States (65,66).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Rose Pecoraro for her work on the graphics; William Callaghan, MD, for his medical consultation; and Kristi Seed for her help with the tables (all with CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health).

References

1. CDC. Abortion surveillance; 1977. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, CDC; 1979.
2. CDC. Abortion surveillance; 1978. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC; 1980.
3. US Census Bureau, Population Estimates Branch, state estimates by demographic characteristics, Vintage 2003, 6 race group. Released September 30, 2004. Available at http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html.
4. Kochanek KD. Induced terminations of pregnancy: reporting states; 1988. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 1991. (Monthly vital statistics reports; vol. 39, no. 12 Suppl).
5. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM, Sutton PD. Births: final data for 2001. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2002. (National vital statistics reports; vol. 51, no. 2).
6. Strauss LT, Herndon J, Chang, J, et al. Abortion surveillance---United States, 2001. In: Surveillance Summaries, November 26, 2004. MMWR 2004;53(No. SS-9).
7. Koonin LM, Strauss LT, Chrisman CE, Parker WY. Abortion surveillance---United States, 1997. In: Surveillance Summaries, December 8, 2000. MMWR 1999;49(No. SS-11).
8. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 1997; DHHS publication no. (PHS)97-1995. (Vital and health statistics; series 23, no. 19).
9. Henshaw SK. Factors hindering access to abortion services. Fam Plann Perspect 1995;27:54--9.
10. Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States, 1995--1996. Fam Plann Perspect 1998;30:263--70,287.
11. Alan Guttmacher Institute. State policies in brief. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute; 2004. Available at http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/spib.html.
12. Ellertson C. Mandatory parental involvement in minors' abortions: effects of the laws in Minnesota, Missouri, and Indiana. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1367--74.
13. Henshaw SK, Finer LB. The accessibility of abortion services in the United States; 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2003;35:16--24.
14. Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD. Trends in contraceptive use in the United States: 1982--1995. Fam Plann Perspect 1998;30:4--10,46.
15. Darroch JE, Singh S. Why is teenage pregnancy declining? The roles of abstinence, sexual activity and contraceptive use. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute; 1999. Occasional report no. 1.
16. Abma JC, Sonenstein FL. Sexual activity and contraceptive practices among teenagers in the United States, 1988 and 1995. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2001. DHHS publication no (PHS)2001-1997. (Vital and health statistics; series 23, no. 21).
17. Jones RK, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among U.S. women having abortions in 2000--2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002;34:294--303.
18. Henshaw SK, Singh S, Haas T. The incidence of abortion worldwide. Int Fam Plann Perspect 1999;25(Suppl):S30--8.
19. Statistics Canada. Induced (therapeutic) abortions, 2000. The Daily: Friday, March 28, 2003. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada. Available at http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/030328/d030328e.htm.
20. Lawlor DA, Shaw M. Teenage pregnancy rates: high compared with where and when? J R Soc Med 2004;97:121--3.
21. CDC. National and state-specific pregnancy rates among adolescents---United States, 1995--1997. MMWR 2000;49:605--11.
22. Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Teenage births in the United States: state trends, 1991--2000, an update. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2002. (National vital statistics reports; vol. 50, no. 9).
23. Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw S. Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: estimates for the United States, 1976--1996. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2000. (Vital and health statistics; series 21, no. 56).
24. Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Births to teenagers in the United States, 1940--2000. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2001. (National vital statistics reports; vol. 49, no. 10).
25. Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw S. Trends in pregnancy rates for the United States, 1976--97: an update. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2001. (National vital statistics reports; vol 49, no. 4).
26. Ventura SJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Variations in teenage birth rates, 1991--98: national and state trends. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2000. (National vital statistics reports; vol. 48, no. 6).
27. Ventura SJ, Abma JC, Mosher WD, Henshaw S. Estimated pregnancy rates for the United States, 1990--2000: an update. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2004. (National vital statistics report; vol. 52, no. 23).
28. Ludmer PI, Nucci-Sack A, Diaz A. Adolescent abortion: trends and techniques. Current Women's Health Reports 2003;3:438--44.
29. Jones RK, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Patterns in the socioeconomic characteristics of women obtaining abortions in 2000--2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002;34:226--35.
30. Edwards J, Carson SA. New technologies permit safe abortion at less than six weeks' gestation and provide timely detection of ectopic gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:1101--6.
31. Creinin MD, Edwards J. Early abortion: surgical and medical options. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil 1997;20:1--32.
32. Bartlett LA, Berg CJ, Shulman HB, et al. Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:729--37.
33. Hausknecht R. Mifepristone and misoprostol for early medical abortion: 18 months experience in the United States. Contraception 2003;67:463--5.
34. Evans MI, Wapner RJ. Future directions. Clin Perinatol 2001;28:477--80.
35. Fielding WL, Sachtleben MR, Friedman LM, Friedman EA. Comparison of women seeking early and late abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;131:304--10.
36. Tietze C, Henshaw SK. Induced abortion: a world review, 1986. 6th ed. New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute; 1986:29--52.
37. Kahn JG, Becker BJ, MacIsaa L, et al. The efficacy of medical abortion: a meta-analysis. Contraception 2000;61:29--40.
38. Joffe C. Medical abortion in social context. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183(Suppl):S10--S15.
39. World Health Organisation Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Comparison of two doses of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol for early medical abortion: a randomized trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107:524--30.
40. McKinley C, Thong KJ, Baird DT. The effect of dose of mifepristone and gestation on the efficacy of medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol. Hum Reprod 1993;8:1502--5.
41. El-Refaey H, Rajasekar D, Abdalla M, Calder L, Templeton A. Induction of abortion with mifepristone (RU 486) and oral or vaginal misoprostol. N Engl J Med 1995;332:983--7.
42. Ashok PW, Templeton A. Nonsurgical mid-trimester termination of pregnancy; a review of 500 consecutive cases. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:706--10.
43. Ashok PW, Penney GC, Flett GMM, Templeton A. An effective regimen for early medical abortion: a report of 2000 consecutive cases. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2962--5.
44. Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Westhoff C, et al. Vaginal misoprostol administered 1, 2, or 3 days after mifepristone for early medical abortion: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;284:1948--53.
45. Elul B, Hajri S, Ngoc NTN, et al. Can women in less-developed countries use a simplified medical abortion regimen? Lancet 2001;357:1402--5.
46. Jones RK, Henshaw SK. Mifepristone for early medical abortion: experiences in France, Great Britain and Sweden. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002;34:154--61.
47. Child TJ, Thomas J, Rees M, MacKenzie IZ. A comparative study of surgical and medical procedures: 932 pregnancy terminations up to 63 days gestation. Human Reprod 2001;16:67--71.
48. Ngai SW, Tang OS, Chan YM, Ho PC. Vaginal misoprostal alone for medical abortion up to 9 weeks of gestation: efficacy and acceptability. Human Reprod 2000;15:1159--62.
49. CDC. Handbook on the reporting of induced termination of pregnancy. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 1998. DHHS publication no. (PHS)98 1117:1--18.
50. Cates W Jr, Schulz KF, Grimes DA, et al. Dilatation and evacuation procedures and second-trimester abortions: the role of physician skill and hospital setting. JAMA 1982;248:559--63.
51. Grimes DA. Second-trimester abortions in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect 1984;16:260--6.
52. CDC. Abortion surveillance---United States, 2000. In: Surveillance Summaries, November 28, 2003. MMWR 2003;52(No. SS-12).
53. CDC. Abortion surveillance, 1974. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, CDC; 1976.
54. Koonin LM, Smith JC, Ramick M, Lawson HW. Abortion surveillance---United States, 1989. In: Surveillance Summaries, September 4, 1992. MMWR 1992;41(No. SS-5).
55. CDC. Abortion surveillance---United States, 1991. In: Surveillance Summaries, May 5, 1995. MMWR 1995;44(No. SS-2).
56. CDC. Bridged-race Vintage 2001 postcensal population estimates for July 1, 2000--July 1, 2001, by year, single-year of age, bridged-race, Hispanic origin, and sex. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; National Center for Health Statistics; 2001. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/popbridge/datadoc.htm (NCHS data file pcen v2001.txt).
57. Office of Management and Budget. Provisional guidance on the implementation of the 1997 standards for federal data on race and ethnicity. Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget; 2000. Available at http://www.ofm.wa.gov/pop/race/omb.pdf.
58. Henshaw SK, Feivelson DJ. Teenage abortion and pregnancy statistics by state, 1996. Fam Plann Perspect 2000;32:272--80.
59. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States in 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2003;35:6--15.
60. CDC. Abortion surveillance---United States, 1996. In: Surveillance Summaries, July 30, 1999. MMWR 1999;48(No. SS-4).
61. CDC. HIPAA privacy rule and public health: guidance from CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. MMWR 2003;52(Suppl).
62. Henshaw SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect 1998;30:24--9,46.
63. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, Willson SJ. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982--2002. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2004. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no. 350.
64. Sonfield A, Gold RB, Frost JJ, Darroch JE. U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives and the Impact of Contraceptive Coverage Mandates, 2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004;36:72--9.
65. Gonen JS. Value purchasing: investing in women's health: strategies for employers. Washington, DC: Jacobs Institute of Women's Health; 2000.
66. Grimes DA, Creinin MD. Induced abortion: an overview for internists. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:620--6.

** After exclusion of nine areas in which ethnicity data were unknown for >15% of women who obtained an abortion.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

Disclaimer   All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.

Date last reviewed: 11/15/2005